National Focus Tree & Manufacturing Economy - Think Tank V21.0

Wartime Economy Culture Roles
Clergy = War Monks.
Clerks = Firms of Defense Factories, etc.
Craftsmen = Blacksmith.



**DEFENSE MATERIALS & USES <--- CLICK LINK**

**MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARY 2023 LINK**

**DEFENSE BILL LINK**

**MILITARY RANKINGS LINK**

**MILITARY FACTORY LINK**

**WAR POWER U.S LINK**

**WORLD WAR NEXT LINK**

**THE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK LINK**

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Compulsory Military Service

Graduation Students from High School would be assigned to a 3 Year Military Boot Camp.

Diplomas would be Legal Entry into Politics & Automatic Qualifications to join a Military Service branch.

Goals: To Eliminate Chicken Hawks from Power, Military Dicipline, Training & to Advance College Credits. To Eliminate Unauthorized Immigration.

Subjects: Mathematics, Science, Technology, Engineering, Finance, Economics, Programming, Government, Civics, Policy, Military History.
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Defense materials are strategic and critical materials that are essential to the economic and national security. Here are some key points about defense materials and their uses:

What they are: Defense materials are defined as those that support military and essential civilian industry; and are not found or produced in the United States in quantities to meet our needs.

Applications: Defense materials are necessary for the manufacture of high technology devices, national defense applications, and green growth-related industries. They are essential to the manufacture of everything from our smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles (EVs), as well as power generation, healthcare, and military technology.

List of Defense Materials: The U.S. Geological Survey has released a new list of 50 mineral commodities critical to the U.S. economy and national security. The 2022 list of defense materials includes alloys like Aluminum-Lithium Alloy, Beryllium Copper Master Alloy, Cadmium Zinc Telluride; metals like Aluminum, Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Hafnium, Indium, Lead, Lithium, Magnesium, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Niobium, Rhenium, Strontium, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zinc, Zirconium; miscellaneous non-metals like Arsenic, Boron, Carbon Fibers, Energetic Materials, Germanium, Graphite, Quartz, Rubber (natural), Selenium, Silicon Carbide, Tellurium; rare earths like Cerium, Dysprosium, Erbium, Europium, Gadolinium, Holmium, Lanthanum, Lutetium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium, Scandium, Terbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Yttrium; ores and compounds like Aluminum Oxide Fused Crude, Beryl Ore, Ferrochromium, Ferromanganese, Fluorspar; and precious metals like Iridium, Palladium, Platinum, Silver, Nitrocellulose.

Please note that the list of defense materials is not static but changes over time based on the most recent available data for non-fuel mineral commodities.

>>>> National Security Risk - (*Ruthenium, *Silver, *Iridium, *Tellurium, *Indium, *Gallium, *Graphite, *Graphene, *Tantalum, *Antimony, *Lead, *Cadmium, *Bismuth, *Aluminum, *Rhenium, *Titanium, *Beryllium, *Copper, *Tungsten, *Barite, *Arsenic, *Potash, *Phosphate, *Mica, *Feldspar, *Lithium, *Selenium, *Zirconium, *Helium, *Germanium, *Gold, *Neodymium, *Dysprosium, *Yttrium, *Lithium, *Cobalt, *Magnesium, *Tin, *Manganese, *Nickel, *Vanadium, *Niobium, *Chromium, *Iron, *Zinc, *Lanthanum, *Cerium, *Rhodium, *Strontium) <<<<

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Metal Matrix Composites

Aluminum Matrix
Continuous Fibers - (Boron, Silicon Carbide, Alumina, Graphite)
Discontinuous Fibers - (Alumina, Alumina-Silica)
Whiskers - (Silicon Carbide)
Particulates - (Silicon Carbide, Boron Carbide)


Magnesium Matrix
Continuous Fibers - (Graphite, Alumina)
Whiskers - (Silicon Carbide)
Particulates - (Silicon Carbide, Boron Carbide)


Titanium Matrix
Continuous Fibers - (Silicon Carbide, Coated Boron)
Particulates - (Titanium Carbide)


Copper Matrix
Continuous Fibers - (Graphite, Silicon Carbide)
Wires - (Niobium-Titanium, Niobium-Tin)
Particulates - (Silicon Carbide, Boron Carbide, Titanium Carbide)


Steel Matrix
Continuous Fibers - (Carbon, Silicon Carbide)
Discontinuous Fibers - (Alumina, Alumina-Silica)
Whiskers - (Silicon Carbide)
Particulates - (Silicon Carbide, Boron Carbide, Titanium Carbide)


Nickel Matrix
Continuous Fibers - (Graphite, Silicon Carbide)
Wires - (Niobium-Titanium, Niobium-Tin)
Particulates - (Silicon Carbide, Boron Carbide, Titanium Carbide)


Cobalt Matrix
Continuous Fibers - (Graphite, Silicon Carbide)
Wires - (Niobium-Titanium, Niobium-Tin)
Particulates - (Silicon Carbide, Boron Carbide, Titanium Carbide)


Superalloy Matrices
Wires - (Tungsten)
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Composites - (Dyneema, Graphene, Galvorn, Syndite, Aramid, Kevlar, Fiberglass, Carbon Fiber, Boron Fiber) - (Metal Matrix Composites, Ceramic Matrix Composites, Carbon Matrix Composites, Polymer Matrix Composites)

Military Armour - (Chobham, Dorchester, Epsom, Farnham)

Aerospace & Military Materials - (Aluminum, Steel, Titanium, Tungsten, Copper, Cupronickel, Composites, Ceramics)
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1. Aluminum - Aluminum has a wide range of military applications due to its unique properties. Here are some notable uses:

1. Aircraft Construction: Aluminum alloys are extensively used in constructing military aircraft. Their low density makes them ideal for reducing overall weight, enhancing fuel efficiency, and improving maneuverability.

2. Armor and Protective Gear: Aluminum plates and alloys are employed in body armor, helmets, and vehicle armor. Their strength-to-weight ratio provides effective protection while minimizing the burden on soldiers.

3. Missile Components: Aluminum alloys are used in missile bodies, fins, and guidance systems. Their corrosion resistance and mechanical properties ensure reliable performance.

4. Naval Vessels: Aluminum is used in naval shipbuilding for lightweight superstructures, hulls, and components. It helps enhance speed, fuel efficiency, and payload capacity.

5. Satellites and Spacecraft: Aluminum alloys are crucial for constructing satellite frames, solar panels, and spacecraft components. Their durability withstands extreme conditions in space.

6. Electronics and Communication: Aluminum is used in radar systems, antennas, and communication equipment due to its electrical conductivity and lightweight nature.

7. Fuel Tanks and Containers: Aluminum tanks store fuel, water, and other essential supplies. Their corrosion resistance ensures safe storage.

8. Other: Transportation, Containers and packaging, Building and construction, Electrical, Machinery and equipment, Structural airframe material for aircraft, Military and combat vehicles, Artillery, Food Storage, Weapons, Explosives, Small Arms.

Remember, these applications demonstrate the versatility and importance of aluminum in modern military operations.
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2. Antimony - Antimony has several military applications due to its unique properties. Here are some notable uses:

1. Batteries and Power Sources: Antimony is used in batteries, particularly lead-acid batteries. It enhances their performance and longevity.

2. Flame Retardants: Antimony compounds are added to materials like textiles, plastics, and coatings to improve fire resistance. Military uniforms and equipment benefit from this property.

3. Ammunition and Bullets: Antimony is a component of lead-based ammunition. It improves hardness and stability, ensuring accurate shots.

4. Detectors and Sensors: Antimony-based semiconductors are used in sensors and detectors for chemical warfare agents, explosives, and radiation.

5. Optics and Infrared Devices: Antimony compounds play a role in infrared detectors and lenses used in night vision equipment.

6. Metallurgical Applications: Antimony alloys strengthen metals, making them suitable for military equipment and machinery.

7. Ceramics and Glass: Antimony oxide is used in ceramics and glass for radar windows, missile guidance systems, and optical devices.

8. Other: Automotive batteries (lead-acid), Ceramics and glass, Flame retardants (flameproof fabrics), Automotive brake pads (additive to adjust co-efficient of friction), Cable sheathing, Communication Equipment, Explosive Formulations, Flares, Nuclear Weapons Production, Laser Sightings, Shielding Materials, Electrical Applications, Liquid Metal Batteries, Tanks.

Remember, these applications demonstrate the importance of antimony in military technology and safety.
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3. Beryllium - Beryllium has several military applications due to its unique properties. Here are some notable uses:

1. Aircraft and Spacecraft Components: Beryllium is used in lightweight structural components for military aircraft, satellites, and spacecraft. Its high stiffness-to-weight ratio ensures stability and fuel efficiency.

2. X-ray Windows and Detectors: Beryllium is transparent to X-rays, making it ideal for X-ray windows in equipment used for security screening and non-destructive testing. It's also used in X-ray detectors.

3. Nuclear Weapons: Beryllium is a key component in nuclear weapons. It acts as a neutron reflector, enhancing the efficiency of nuclear reactions.

4. Guidance Systems and Gyroscopes: Beryllium-based alloys are used in guidance systems, gyroscopes, and inertial navigation systems. Their stability and precision are crucial for military applications.

5. Radar Systems: Beryllium-copper alloys are used in radar systems due to their electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion.

6. Missile Technology: Beryllium is used in missile guidance systems and control surfaces. Its lightweight nature contributes to missile performance.

7. Chemical and Biological Detection: Beryllium-based sensors detect chemical and biological agents, providing early warning in hazardous environments.

8. Other: Battery contacts and electronic connectors, Windows for X-ray tubes, Aerospace castings, High-definition and cable television, Underwater fiber-optic cable systems, High density circuits for high-speed computers and automotive ignition systems, Pacemakers and other medical devices, Weapons Systems, Surveillance Systems, Reconnaissance Systems, Electronics, Helicopters, Unmanned Aerial Systems, Military Communications.

Remember, these applications demonstrate the importance of beryllium in modern military technology.
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4. Bismuth - Bismuth has several military applications due to its unique properties. Here are some notable uses:

1. Shot and Bullets: Bismuth is used as a replacement for lead in shot and bullets. Its non-toxic nature makes it an attractive alternative.

2. Nuclear Reactors: Bismuth is also employed in nuclear reactors, where its properties contribute to reactor efficiency and safety.

3. Alloys with Low Melting Points: When combined with other metals such as lead, tin, iron, and cadmium, bismuth forms alloys with low melting points. These alloys are used in fire detectors and extinguishers.

4. Other: Cosmetics (bismuth oxychloride), Pharmaceuticals (compounds used in over-the-counter to treat stomach illness, burns, intestinal disorders, and stomach ulcers), Metal Alloys, Solder, Thermoelectric devices (bismuth telluride), Fireworks, Plastics with opacity to X-rays (implanted medical devices, Ammunition (replacement for lead shot used for hunting, "less-lethal" riot projectile, Fire Detectors and Extinguishers.

Remember, bismuth's versatility extends beyond medicine (as seen in Pepto-Bismol) to essential roles in military technology.
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5. Cadmium - Cadmium, a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48, has several applications in military contexts. Let's explore some of its uses:

1. Batteries: Cadmium is used in nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries. These batteries are reliable, have a long lifespan, and can withstand extreme temperatures. They find applications in military equipment such as radios, communication devices, and portable electronics.

2. Coatings and Plating: Cadmium coatings provide corrosion resistance to metal surfaces. In military hardware, cadmium plating is used on components like fasteners, bolts, and connectors to prevent rust and enhance durability.

3. Nuclear Reactors: Cadmium rods are employed in control rods within nuclear reactors. These rods absorb excess neutrons, regulating the nuclear fission process. In military submarines and naval vessels powered by nuclear reactors, cadmium control rods play a crucial safety role.

4. Infrared Detectors: Cadmium-based compounds are used in infrared detectors. These detectors are essential for night vision devices, surveillance systems, and targeting equipment used by military personnel.

5. Photocells and Sensors: Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is utilized in photocells and light sensors. These devices detect changes in light intensity and are employed in military applications such as perimeter security systems and motion sensors.

6. Smoke Grenades: Cadmium compounds are sometimes used in the production of smoke grenades. These grenades create a dense smoke screen, providing cover during military operations.

7. Standby Power: Cadmium is used in standby power for alarm systems, emergency lighting, military communications, solar energy storage, navigation equipment, military equipment, and hospital operating theatres.

8. Other: Batteries (NiCd), Pigments (yellow, orange, and red), Plating (provides better rust resistance than zinc, especially in salt water environments.

Remember that while cadmium has valuable properties, it is also toxic to humans and the environment. Proper handling, disposal, and safety precautions are essential when using cadmium-containing materials in any context.
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6. Chromium - Chromium (symbol: Cr) has several important military applications. Here are some notable uses:

1. Armor and Protective Coatings: Chromium is used to create hard, corrosion-resistant coatings on military equipment such as tanks, aircraft, and naval vessels. These coatings enhance durability and protect against wear and tear.

2. Aerospace Alloys: Chromium is a key component in aerospace alloys, including stainless steel and superalloys. These materials are used in aircraft engines, missile components, and other critical parts due to their high strength and resistance to extreme temperatures.

3. Gun Barrels and Ammunition: Chromium-plated gun barrels improve wear resistance and reduce friction during firing. Additionally, it prevents corrosion caused by exposure to moisture and harsh environments. Some military ammunition contains chromium compounds that enhance performance and stability.

4. Electronics and Communication: Chromium is used in electronic components, including connectors, switches, and circuit boards. Its excellent electrical conductivity and resistance to oxidation make it valuable for military communication systems.

5. Camouflage and Stealth Technology: Chromium-based pigments are used in camouflage paints for military vehicles and uniforms. These pigments provide color stability and resistance to fading.

6. Other: Component in nickel super-alloys for land based turbines and jet engines, Component in high speed tool steel, Surface coatings, Catalysts for processing hydrocarbons, Refractory materials, Resistance heating wires, Firearms Production, Aircraft Maintenance, Brazing/Soldering/Welding/Cutting, Coating and Painting Operations, Metal Treatment and Machining, Anodizing.

While not directly related to chromium, stealth technology relies on specialized materials (such as radar-absorbent coatings) to reduce the detectability of military aircraft and ships.

Remember that these applications involve various forms of chromium, including coatings, alloys, and compounds. The military continually explores new materials and technologies to enhance its capabilities and protect personnel and assets.
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7. Cobalt - Cobalt has several applications in the military. Here are a few:

1. Super Alloys: Cobalt is used in the production of superalloys that possess high temperature and wear resistance. These are essential for making parts of aircraft engines, gas turbine engines, and other defense systems.

2. Permanent Magnets: Cobalt is a critical component in the production of permanent magnets, which are used in a variety of military equipment such as radar, sonar, and guidance systems.

3. Radioactive Isotopes: Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt, is used in nuclear weapons and also has applications in industrial radiography, a technique used for inspecting the integrity of structural parts.

4. Batteries: Cobalt is a key ingredient in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which are used extensively in military equipment and vehicles.

5. Other: Batteries, Component in nickel superalloys for high temperature sections of jet engines and industrial gas turbines, Pigments, Medical implants, Munitions, High-Capacity Batteries.

Please note that while cobalt is a critical material for these applications, the extraction and refining of cobalt pose significant environmental and human rights concerns. Efforts are ongoing to find alternatives and to improve the sustainability of cobalt mining practices.
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8. Copper - Copper has several uses in the military:

1. Electrical Conductivity: Copper is used in wiring due to its excellent electrical conductivity. This is crucial for communications equipment, radar, and guidance systems.

2. Heat Transfer: Copper's high thermal conductivity makes it ideal for heat sinks and exchangers, which are essential in various military equipment to prevent overheating.

3. Ammunition: Copper is often used in the jackets of bullets due to its ductility and ease of shaping.

4. Antimicrobial Properties: Copper's antimicrobial properties make it useful for water storage and transport, helping to keep water supplies free from harmful microorganisms.

5. Alloys: Copper is used in various alloys like bronze and brass, which have applications in military hardware due to their strength and corrosion resistance.

6. Other: Electric wire (motors, electromagnets, integrated circuits), Plumbing (tubing, fittings), Architectural roofing and features on buildings, Alloys (brass, bronze), Components & Systems, Military Gear, Military Vehicles.

Please note that while copper has these general uses, specific applications can vary based on the requirements of individual military forces and the nature of their operations.
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9. Gallium - Gallium, a fascinating element, has several intriguing applications, including some in the military domain. Here are a few notable uses:

1. Liquid Metal Alloys: Gallium-based alloys, such as galinstan (composed of gallium, indium, and tin), have low melting points. These alloys are used in thermal management systems for military equipment. They efficiently transfer heat away from sensitive components, preventing overheating.

2. Semiconductor Devices: Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a semiconductor material with excellent electronic properties. It is used in high-frequency communication devices, radar systems, and electronic warfare equipment. GaAs-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are crucial for amplification and signal processing in military communication systems.

3. Nuclear Applications: Gallium is used in neutron capture therapy for cancer treatment. In military scenarios, this technology could be adapted for radiation shielding or detection. Some nuclear reactors use gallium as a neutron-absorbing material to control nuclear reactions.

4. Covert Marking and Tracking: Gallium-based radioactive isotopes can be used for covert marking of military assets. These isotopes emit gamma radiation, allowing precise tracking and identification. In intelligence operations, gallium markers can help verify the authenticity of seized equipment or materials.

5. Propellants and Explosives: Gallium compounds are occasionally used in solid rocket propellants due to their high energy content. Gallium can also enhance the performance of certain explosives by increasing their sensitivity and stability.

6. Other: Integrated circuits (cell phones, especially smart phones, wireless internet), Optoelectronic devices (laser diodes, LEDs, photo-detectors, and solar cells), Specialty alloys (minor use, ~1), Microchips, Radar Systems, Electronic Warfare and Communications Equipment, Aircraft and Missile Defense Systems, Spacecraft & Satellites.

Remember that while gallium has these applications, its use in military contexts is often specialized and carefully controlled. Its unique properties make it valuable for specific tasks, but it is not a widespread material in military operations.
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10. Hafnium - Hafnium, a lesser-known element, has several intriguing applications, particularly in military and industrial contexts. Let's delve into its uses:

1. Nuclear Reactor Control Rods: Hafnium is primarily employed in fabricating nuclear control rods. These rods play a crucial role in regulating nuclear reactions within reactors. Due to its high neutron-capture cross section, hafnium effectively absorbs neutrons, helping control the reactor's power output and ensuring safety.

2. Nickel Superalloys and High-Temperature Alloys: Hafnium finds its way into nickel-based superalloys and high-temperature alloys. These alloys are used in aircraft components, including engine parts and armor materials. Hafnium's heat-resistant properties allow these components to withstand extreme temperatures generated during combustion.

3. Integrated Circuit Production: In the realm of microelectronics, hafnium plays a role in integrated circuit (IC) production. Specifically, it contributes to creating features at 45 nanometers and smaller. These tiny structures enhance the performance of modern electronic devices.

4. Gamma-Ray Weapons (A Futuristic Application): Here's where things get intriguing: one gram of fully charged hafnium isomer could store more energy than 50 kilograms of TNT! The concept involves creating miniature missiles with warheads containing hafnium isomers. These warheads would be far more powerful than existing conventional weapons, potentially revolutionizing firepower for armed forces.

5. German Research Reactor FRM II: The FRM II research reactor in Germany utilizes hafnium as a neutron absorber. Additionally, hafnium is common in military reactors, particularly in US naval submarine reactors, where it helps slow down reactor rates that are too high.

6. Other: Control rods on nuclear reactors (primary use), Nickel superalloys and high temperature alloys, Integrated circuit production for features at 45mm and smaller, Electrodes for plasma arc cutting, Plasma Welding Torches, Superalloys, Gamma-Ray Weapons, Microchips,

In summary, hafnium's unique properties make it a valuable asset in both scientific and defense applications. From controlling nuclear reactions to enhancing military capabilities, this unassuming element plays a significant role in our technological landscape.
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** 11. Indium - Indium, a silvery-white metal, has several important applications in the military sector. Let's explore some of its uses:

1. Night Vision Technology: Indium compounds are crucial for night vision devices. They enhance the sensitivity of infrared detectors, allowing soldiers to operate effectively in low-light conditions.

2. Semiconductors and Electronics: Indium is used in semiconductors, which power various electronic devices. These components are essential for communication systems, radar equipment, and navigation devices used by the military.

3. Coatings and Alloys: Indium-tin oxide (ITO) coatings are transparent and conductive. They are applied to display screens, touchscreens, and avionic displays. Additionally, indium alloys improve the durability and strength of military equipment.

4. Missile Guidance Systems: Indium-based semiconductors play a role in missile guidance systems. These systems rely on precise electronic components to ensure accurate targeting.

5. Radiation Shielding: Indium is used in radiation shielding materials. Military personnel working with nuclear materials or in radioactive environments benefit from its protective properties.

6. Thermal Management: Indium-based thermal interface materials help dissipate heat in electronic devices. This is crucial for preventing overheating in military equipment.

7. Other: LCD displays, Organic LEDs, Fiber-optics, Solder and alloys, Infrared imaging, Communications.

Remember, indium's versatility extends beyond military applications-it's also used in consumer electronics, solar panels, and medical devices!
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12. Cast Iron - Cast Iron has a rich history of military applications. Here are some notable uses:

1. Armor and Artillery: Cast iron was used to create armor plates for warships, tanks, and artillery during various historical periods. Its durability and ability to withstand impact made it a valuable material for protection.

2. Cannons and Cannonballs: Cast iron cannons were widely used in medieval and early modern warfare. These cannons could fire heavy cast iron cannonballs, which caused significant damage to fortifications and enemy troops.

3. Fortifications and Bridges: Cast iron played a crucial role in constructing forts, bridges, and defensive structures. The iron's strength allowed for the creation of sturdy fortifications that could withstand attacks.

4. Railroads and Transportation: In the 19th century, cast iron was used extensively in railroad tracks, locomotives, and train components. It facilitated the expansion of rail networks, enabling faster troop movements and logistics during conflicts.

5. Projectiles and Ammunition: Cast iron was used to manufacture various types of projectiles, including shot and shell. These were essential for artillery and naval warfare.

6. Cookware and Field Equipment: Soldiers relied on cast iron cookware for preparing meals in the field. Its durability and heat retention properties made it ideal for military kitchens.

7. Telegraph and Communication Lines: Cast iron poles supported telegraph wires, enabling rapid communication across vast distances. This technology was crucial for coordinating military operations.

Remember, while cast iron has historical significance in military contexts, modern materials and alloys have largely replaced it due to advancements in technology and metallurgy. Nonetheless, its legacy remains an integral part of military history.
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13. Lead - Here are some important military uses of lead:

1. Ammunition: Lead has been used for centuries in the production of bullets, shot, and other types of ammunition. Its density and malleability make it ideal for shaping projectiles.

2. Radiation Shielding: Lead is an excellent material for shielding against radiation. It is commonly used in X-ray rooms, nuclear facilities, and protective gear for workers handling radioactive materials.

3. Ballast and Counterweights: In naval vessels and aircraft, lead is used as ballast to maintain stability. It also serves as counterweights in various military equipment.

4. Electronics and Batteries: Lead-acid batteries are widely used in military applications, including vehicles, communication systems, and backup power supplies.

5. Cables and Wiring: Lead-sheathed cables provide protection against moisture, corrosion, and mechanical damage. They are used in military infrastructure and communication networks.

6. Sealing and Gaskets: Lead-based materials are used for sealing joints, preventing leaks, and ensuring airtight compartments in submarines and other vessels.

7. Historical Uses: Lead was historically used for making water pipes, but its toxicity led to its replacement. However, remnants of lead plumbing can still be found in some military installations.

8. Other: Batteries, Cable sheeting, Solder, Shielding (X-ray machines), Ammunition.

Remember that while lead has valuable properties, its toxicity poses health risks. Modern military applications prioritize safety and environmental concerns.
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14. Lithium - Let's explore the military applications of lithium:

1. Batteries and Power Storage: Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in military equipment, including communication devices, night vision goggles, and portable electronics. Their high energy density and lightweight nature make them ideal for soldiers in the field.

2. Guidance Systems and Missiles: Lithium compounds are essential for stabilizing guidance systems in missiles and rockets. They provide precise control during flight and ensure accurate targeting.

3. Nuclear Reactors: Lithium is used in some types of nuclear reactors as a coolant and neutron moderator. These reactors can power submarines and naval vessels.

4. Thermal Batteries: Thermal batteries, which rely on lithium-based chemistry, are used in military applications such as torpedoes and guided munitions. They provide reliable power upon activation.

5. Space Exploration: Lithium is crucial for spacecraft and satellites. It powers onboard systems, maintains stable temperatures, and supports long missions.

6. Lightweight Alloys: Lithium-aluminum alloys are used in aircraft components, reducing weight and enhancing performance.

7. Chemical Warfare Detection: Lithium compounds play a role in detecting chemical agents and protecting against chemical warfare.

8. Other: Enamels, Glass, Ceramics, Air purification, Lithium ion-batteries, Focal lenses for telescopes.

Remember that while lithium has significant military uses, it also has civilian applications, especially in consumer electronics and renewable energy. Its versatility makes it valuable across various domains.
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15. Magnesium - Magnesium has several important military applications:

1. Flares and Illumination: Magnesium flares are used for signaling, illumination, and marking targets. They burn brightly, even in adverse conditions, aiding visibility during night operations.

2. Incendiary Devices: Magnesium's high reactivity makes it suitable for incendiary munitions. These devices can ignite upon impact, causing fires and disrupting enemy positions.

3. Aircraft Construction: Magnesium alloys are lightweight and strong, making them valuable for aircraft components. They contribute to fuel efficiency and overall performance.

4. Pyrotechnics: Magnesium-based pyrotechnics create dazzling visual effects, such as fireworks and smoke screens. These are useful for military demonstrations and tactical purposes.

5. Marine Applications: Magnesium anodes protect naval vessels from corrosion by sacrificing themselves. They extend the lifespan of ships and submarines.

6. Rocket Propellants: Magnesium powder is used in solid rocket propellants. Its combustion generates high temperatures and accelerates rockets.

7. Survival Tools: Magnesium fire starters are compact and reliable tools for generating heat in emergency situations.

8. Other: Refractory material in furnace linings for steel, iron, metals, glass and cement production Used in agricultural, chemical and construction industries.

Remember that while magnesium has these military uses, it also plays essential roles in civilian applications, such as alloy production, medicine, and construction. Its versatility makes it valuable across various domains.
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16. Manganese - Manganese has several applications in the military:

1. Manganese Dioxide: It is used to make alkaline and zinc-carbon batteries.

2. Bismanol: An alloy of bismuth and manganese, bismanol, has been used to make magnets.

3. Steel Strength: Adding manganese increases steel's strength.

4. Mangalloy: An alloy known as mangalloy was used to make military helmets due to its impact resistance and durability.

5. Strategic Material: The Defense Department rates manganese as one of the most critical mineral commodities for the United States because it is both essential for industry and has no substitutes, and because of the potential for and the likely effects of supply disruptions.

6. Other: Steelmaking, Aluminum alloy production, Additive in unleaded gasoline, Glass making and coloring, Batteries and dry cells, Alloys for chemical processing applications, Alloys for high temperature bolts and fasteners.

These uses highlight the importance of manganese in various military applications.
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17. Mercury - Mercury has several applications in the military:

1. Equipment Component: Mercury can be used in equipment such as thermometers, pressure sensing devices, navigational equipment, seals, valves, or specialty products such as infrared sensors, semiconductors, security sensors.

2. Chemicals: Mercury can be an ingredient in chemicals or laboratory chemicals, such as phenylmercuric acetate.

3. Batteries: Mercuric oxide batteries are produced for military and medical equipment that need a stable current and long life.

4. Explosives: Mercury (II) fulminate is a chemical compound that can be used in the designing and formation of explosives.

5. Other: Munition fuzes, Missile and space guidance system gyroscopes, Dental equipment, Electric lighting, Infrared detection.

These uses highlight the importance of mercury in various military applications. However, due to its toxicity, the use of mercury is being phased out in many applications, and alternatives are being sought. It's also important to note that proper handling and disposal of mercury are crucial to prevent environmental contamination.
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18. Molybdenum - Molybdenum has several applications in the military:

1. Nonferrous Alloys: Nonferrous alloys, which are made of molybdenum and other elements, were widely used in the manufacture of weapons in the early 20th century.

2. High-Precision Equipment: Modern high-precision equipment has a high demand for materials such as molybdenum and tungsten, chromium and vanadium alloys used to build alloy components and components for warships, rockets, and satellites.

3. Alloy Steel: Alloy steel, stainless steel, tool steel, and cast iron are the main application areas of molybdenum. Adding molybdenum to stainless steel can improve the corrosion resistance of steel.

4. Cast Iron: Adding molybdenum to cast iron can improve the strength and wear resistance of iron.

5. Nickel-Based Superalloy: The nickel-based superalloy containing 18% molybdenum has the characteristics of high melting point, low density, and low coefficient of thermal expansion, and is used to manufacture various high-temperature components in the aviation and aerospace fields.

6. Electronic Devices: Molybdenum metal is widely used in electronic devices such as electron tubes, transistors, and rectifiers.

7. High-Temperature Electric Furnaces: Pure molybdenum wire is used in high-temperature electric furnaces.

8. Radio Equipment and X-ray Equipment: The molybdenum sheet is used to make radio equipment and X-ray equipment.

9. Other: Component in tool and alloy steels, Component in nickel superalloys for high temperature sections of jet engines, Lubricant, Colorant, Nickel superalloys for high temperature sections of turbine engines.

These uses highlight the importance of molybdenum in various military applications.
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19. Nickel - Nickel has several applications in the military:

1. Alloys: Nickel and high-temperature alloys such as Monel, Inconel, Incoloy, Hastelloy, and many others, have become some of the most commonly used metals in the Air Force due to their extremely high tensile strength and ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions.

2. Construction: It was used in the construction of P-51 Mustang and the B-29 Superfortress. Additionally, nickel's anti-corrosive properties made it ideal for the construction of navy ships and amphibious landing craft.

3. Equipment Component: Nickel is used in equipment such as aircrafts, naval vessels and Coast Guard ships because of its ability to resist corrosion. Because nickel is also a highly flexible metal, it is often combined with lead and copper to produce military gear and body armor that can withstand impact and degeneration.

4. Medical Technologies: Nickel and titanium are used to construct innovative medical technologies like stentrodes and prosthetic limbs.

5. Other: Land based turbines, Turbines for jet aircraft engines, Turbines for large-scale power generation, Liquid gas storage, High speed steels.

These uses highlight the importance of nickel in various military applications.
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20. Niobium - Niobium has several applications in the military:

1. Aero-Engine Parts and Gas Turbine Blades: Niobium and tantalum heat-strength alloys have good heat-strength properties, heat resistance, and processing properties, and are widely used in the manufacture of aero-engine parts and gas turbine blades.

2. Rocket and Airplane Parts: Niobium is used in the aerospace industry for rocket and airplane parts, as it is lightweight yet strong.

3. Jet Engine Components, Rocket Subassemblies, and Heat-Resisting and Combustion Equipment: Appreciable amounts of niobium in the form of high-purity ferroniobium and nickel niobium are used in nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base superalloys for such applications.

4. Other: Alloying element in steels, stainless steels, superalloys (nickel, cobalt and iron-based), Jet engine components, Gas turbines, Heat resistant and combustion equipment, Tool bits and cutting tools.

These uses highlight the importance of niobium in various military applications.
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21. Rhenium - Rhenium has several applications in the military:

1. Aero-Engine Blades: Rhenium is mainly used in the production of aero-engine blades.

2. High-Precision Equipment: It is used in high-precision equipment such as the gyroscope.

3. High-Octane Gasoline: Rhenium is used in the synthesis of high-octane gasoline.

4. Aviation Engines: About 80% of the world's rhenium is used in the production of aviation engines.

5. High-Temperature Coating: Rhenium is used for high-temperature coating on rockets and missiles.

6. Spacecraft Instruments and High-Temperature Components: Rhenium is needed for spacecraft instruments and high-temperature components such as thermal shielding, arc discharge, and electrical contractors.

7. Other: Components in nickel superalloys for high temperature sections in jet engines and other jet parts, Catalysts for petroleum-reforming.

These uses highlight the importance of rhenium in various military applications.
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22. Steel - Steel has several applications in the military:

1. Armor and Defense Supplies: Steel is used in the armed forces due to its incredible resilience against weaponry like bullets and even some blasts. It is used both as a protective material and in the creation of certain products like missiles.

2. Military Vehicles: Steel is used in defense items like tanks. Land-based vehicles such as the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, Abrams Tank, and MRAP vehicles use significant amounts of steel.

3. Naval Fleet: Steel plate is used in the bodies and propulsion systems of the naval fleet.

4. Aircraft Carriers: The USS George H.W. Bush, an aircraft carrier named after the 41st President, contains 47,000 tons of structural steel.

5. Submarines: Steel can be used in combat products like submarines.

6. Infrastructure: Steel is a strategic material needed to strengthen existing U.S. infrastructure and installations. These uses highlight the importance of steel in various military applications.
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23. Strontium - Strontium has several applications in the military:

1. Red Signal Flares and Phosphors: Strontium is used as an ingredient in red signal flares and phosphors.

2. Ferrite Magnets: Strontium is also used in ferrite magnets, which are iron oxide combined with one or more metallic elements.

3. Zinc Refining Processes: Strontium can be used in zinc refining processes.

4. Electricity Generation: Strontium can generate electricity for space vehicles, remote weather stations, and navigation buoys.

5. Radioactive Isotope: The radioactive isotope of strontium, strontium-90, is used in nuclear power plants, spacecrafts, and satellites as power generators.

6. Other: Alloys, Pyrotechnics, Ceramics and glasses, Electrolytic production of zinc, Tracer ammunition.

These uses highlight the importance of strontium in various military applications. However, it's important to note that strontium-90 is a health hazard in radioactive fallout.
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24. Tantalum - Tantalum has several applications in the military:

1. Gun Body: Tantalum or tantalum alloy coating is considered to be an ideal coating system to replace the electroplating Cr coating for ablative and scour resistance.

2. Explosively Formed Munitions: Tantalum is widely used in TOW-2B, TOW-NG, and other U.S. missiles.

3. Heat-Resistant High-Strength Materials: Tantalum tungsten, tantalum tungsten hafnium, and tantalum hafnium alloy are used as heat-resistant high-strength materials for rockets, missiles, and jet engines, as well as parts for control and regulation equipment.

4. Electrical Components: During World War II, tantalum was used in the production of electrical components, such as capacitors and rectifiers, for military equipment.

5. Other: Chemical processing equipment, Heat exchangers, Anti-lock brake systems, High temperature aerospace engine parts, Night vision goggles, Global positioning systems, Missile systems.

These uses highlight the importance of tantalum in various military applications.
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25. Tin - Tin has several applications in the military:

1. Tin Soldiers: Tin soldiers are miniature figures of toy soldiers that are very popular in the world of collecting.

2. Tin Cans: Tin-coated steel cans were used to feed military personnel overseas. Tin cans were the most durable and safe containers for shipping food to where it was needed.

3. Solder: Tin is used in solder for military and aerospace applications. Rosin and tin-lead based products have been part of the standard operating process for military and aerospace solder applications for over 30 years. These uses highlight the importance of tin in various military applications.

4. Other: Bearings, Containers, Solder, Bronze, Chemicals, LCD TVs, touch screens and portable electronics.

These uses highlight the importance of tin in various military applications.
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26. Titanium - Titanium has several applications in the military:

1. Aircraft Manufacturing: Titanium's strength-to-weight ratio makes it ideal for aircraft applications, including their exteriors, engines, firewalls, and landing gear. Notable aircraft that use titanium include the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird and the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.

2. Armor and Defense Supplies: Titanium alloy exhibits exceptional strength, is lightweight, and has high impact and fracture resistance. It is often used for structural components and protective exterior panels on armored vehicles, aircraft engines, pressure tanks, and missiles.

3. Missiles and Artillery: The military uses titanium in its guided missiles and in artillery.

4. Shipbuilding: In shipbuilding, titanium is used in submarines, ship's propellers, shafts, rigging, and other highly corrosive parts.

5. High-Performance Standards: Military and aerospace manufacturers set high-performance standards for their products, which face extreme conditions and must employ exceptional strength and durability. Titanium offers the same strength as steel but at half the weight, and it weighs the same as aluminum while being twice as strong.

6. Other: Landing gear, springs, rotors (helicopter), fittings, and attachments, Structural components for airplanes, satellites, and spacecraft, Gas turbine engines, Chemical processing.

These uses highlight the importance of titanium in various military applications.
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27. Tungsten - Tungsten has several applications in the military:

1. Bullet Warheads: Tungsten products are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Due to the environmental hazards caused by lead and depleted uranium, tungsten products have been used to replace past raw materials for the manufacture of bullet warheads.

2. High Hardness and High Temperature Resistance: Tungsten has the characteristics of high hardness and high temperature resistance, whose military use includes: tungsten alloy bullet, shrapnel head; balance pinball in missiles and aircraft; measuring core of armor-piercer; kinetic armor-piercer; armor and artillery shell; grenade; bullet-proof vehicle, armored tanks, artillery parts, gun; rocket accessories and so on.

3. High-Speed Steel: Tungsten is a rare high melting point metal. Tungsten metal can endure high temperature without deformation and is free from air erosion at room temperature. This feature is widely used in the military. It's mainly used for the production of high-speed steel, high-speed cutting tools, and super-hard mold.

4. Armor-Piercer: The most significant use of tungsten is for a variety of high-speed ammunition, especially armor-piercer. Tungsten is almost an indispensable part of armor-piercer.

5. Nuclear Weapon Material Shell Protection: Tungsten can also be used for nuclear weapon material shell protection.

6. Other: Steels, Wear-resistant alloys, Component in nickel superalloys for high temperature sections of jet engines, Armor penetrating projectiles, Aircraft weights and counterweights, Small arms ammunition.

These uses highlight the importance of tungsten in various military applications.
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28. Depleted Uranium - Depleted uranium (DU) has several applications in the military:

1. Armor and Munitions: DU is used for tank armor and some bullets due to its high density, helping it to penetrate enemy armored vehicles. The Department of Defense (DoD) uses DU for armor on some of its tanks and in some munitions used to penetrate enemy tanks because it is the most effective material for these purposes.

2. 30 mm Ordnance: Most military use of DU has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armor-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force.

3. M242 Gun: 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U.S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps's LAV-253.

4. Controversy: The use of DU in munitions is controversial because of concerns about potential long-term health effects. DU is a potential health hazard if it enters the body, such as through embedded fragments, contaminated wounds, and inhalation or ingestion.

These uses highlight the importance of depleted uranium in various military applications. However, it's important to note that proper handling and disposal of DU are crucial to prevent environmental contamination.
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29. Vanadium - Vanadium has several applications in the military:

1. High-Strength Steel: Vanadium is a metal that is both extremely strong and lightweight, making it ideal for military applications. By creating higher strength steel, vanadium allows for greater resistance to blasts and seismic shocks, so it is suitable for vehicles and high-speed aircraft alike.

2. Vanadium-Alloyed Steels: Vanadium-alloyed steels are used in virtually every high-strength structural steel application in military equipment, including military-grade AH36, AH32, and MIL22698 steels used to build U.S. Naval aircraft carriers and submarines, as well as in combat vehicles, tactical vehicles, tactical bridges, material handling equipment, aircraft, watercraft, rail trailers, and steel structures.

3. Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium Alloys: 8-10% of metal vanadium is used in the form of titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloys for aircraft engines, aerospace cabin frameworks, missiles, steam turbine blades, rocket engine shells, etc. Vanadium can be used as a stabilizer and strengthening agent in titanium alloys, which makes titanium alloys have good ductility and plasticity.

4. Other: Steel, Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloys in jet engines and high-speed aircraft, Cladding titanium to steel, Energy storage.

These uses highlight the importance of vanadium in various military applications.
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30. Zinc - Zinc has several applications in the military:

1. Galvanizing Steel: Zinc is used in the process of galvanizing steel, which is used in various military applications. Galvanizing is a process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting.

2. Batteries: Zinc is used in batteries, including those used in military equipment.

3. Alloys: Zinc is used to create alloys with other metals, which can be used in military applications.

4. Protective Coatings: Zinc is used in protective coatings for steel that is used in a variety of military applications.

5. Other: Galvanized Steel, Bronze and brass, Solder, Batteries, Solar cells.

These uses highlight the importance of zinc in various military applications.
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31. Zirconium - Zirconium has several applications in the military:

1. Armored Steel: Zirconium-containing armored steel, cannon forging steel, stainless steel, and heat-resistant steel are important materials for the manufacture of weapons such as armored vehicles, tanks, cannons, and bulletproof plates.

2. Nuclear-Powered Aircraft Carriers and Submarines: Zirconium is an important strategic metal used primarily for nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, and civilian power reactors.

3. Uranium Fuel Elements: Zirconium is also used as the cladding of uranium fuel elements.

4. Ammunitions and Explosives: Zirconium powder is highly flammable and can be easily ignited. This property has led to its use in ignition charges, ignition mechanisms for automotive airbag inflators, pyrotechnics and squibs, and military applications such as incendiary charges.

5. Other: Space vehicles and parts, Abrasives, Alloys for naval applications, Metallurgical furnaces, Ceramic knives, Artificial joints and limbs.

These uses highlight the importance of zirconium in various military applications.
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32. Arsenic - Arsenic has several applications in the military:

1. Semiconductor Dopant: Arsenic is used as a dopant in semiconductors, specifically in gallium arsenide for use in integrated circuits.

2. Lead-Hardening Alloy: Arsenic is used in lead-hardening alloys for ammunition and batteries.

3. Chemical Warfare: In 1918, two organic arsenical compounds, Lewisite and Adamsite, were developed by the US Army as chemical warfare weapons. These vesicant and respiratory irritant agents were not used in time for the war but are still listed by the CDC as potential bioterrorism agents.

4. Military Poison Gas: Arsenic has been used as a military poison gas.

5. Rainbow Herbicides: The United States used Agent Blue, a mixture of sodium cacodylate and its acid form, as one of the rainbow herbicides to deprive North Vietnamese soldiers of foliage cover and rice.

6. Other: Semiconductor dopant (gallium arsenide for use in integrated circuits), Lead-hardening alloy for use in ammunition and batteries, Pesticides, herbicides, wood preservative.

These uses highlight the importance of arsenic in various military applications. However, it's important to note that proper handling and disposal of arsenic are crucial to prevent environmental contamination.
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33. Boron - Boron has several applications in the military:

1. Aerospace and Defense: Boron is used in the aerospace and defense industries due to its ability to be doped with other elements. It forms borides with other metals, especially aluminum, titanium, and copper, creating a solid material resistant to corrosion or oxidation.

2. Engine Components: Boron is added to engine components to prevent them from becoming brittle.

3. Conductivity: By doping boron with aluminum, a material can be created that has the conductivity of copper but does not corrode like iron or steel would in saltwater.

4. Extreme Temperatures: Boron can withstand extreme temperatures without melting or becoming brittle and is an excellent conductor of electricity at low cost.

5. Boron Carbide: Boron carbide is used in the aerospace industry based on its ability to withstand extreme temperatures with a melting point of over 5600 degrees Celsius and excellent resistance against corrosion.

6. Bulletproof Vests and Armor: Boron is a key material used in bulletproof vests, bulletproof armor, in helicopter skins and on aircraft as well as an anti-corrosive in weaponry.

7. Other: Component of composite materials (boron fibers) in advanced aerospace structures, Industrial catalyst for many organic reactions, such as polymerization reactions, Major role in electroplating of nickel, lead and tin, Inner plates of ballistic vests and for tank armor (carbon boride), Permanent NdFeB magnets.

These uses highlight the importance of boron in various military applications.
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34. Carbon Fibers - Carbon fibers have several applications in the military:

1. Missiles and Drones: Carbon fiber is used in the construction of missiles and drones due to its lightweight and strong nature.

2. Trucks and Wheels: Carbon fiber is used in the construction of military trucks and wheels.

3. Weapon Stocks: Carbon fiber is used in the construction of weapon stocks.

4. Helmets and Tent Posts: Carbon fiber is used in the construction of helmets and tent posts.

5. Aerospace Components: Carbon fiber is extensively used in the construction of military aircraft and helicopters. It is used in components such as wings, fuselage sections, rotor blades, and tail sections.

6. Body Armor and Protective Gear: Carbon fiber sheets provide enhanced protection against ballistic threats while being lightweight, enabling better mobility for soldiers.

7. Weapon Systems: Carbon fiber components are employed in the manufacturing of weapon systems such as missile bodies, launch tubes, and gun barrels.

8. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Carbon fiber parts enable UAVs to have increased payload capacity, longer flight durations, and improved maneuverability.

9. Vehicle Armor: Carbon fiber-reinforced composites are utilized in the production of armored vehicles, offering protection against ballistic threats.

10. Communication and Electronic Equipment: Carbon fiber is utilized in the construction of antenna supports and radar equipment.

11. Equipment and Gear: Carbon fiber is used to manufacture various military equipment and gear, including backpack frames, helmets, and weapon accessories.

12. Other: Structural aviation and space vehicle components.

These uses highlight the importance of carbon fibers in various military applications.
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35. Energetic Materials - Energetic materials refer to the broad category of explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, all essential to the performance of weapon systems. Here are some of their uses in the military:

1. Explosives and Propellants: These are some of the most common energetic materials used in the current US military inventory.

2. Enhanced Lethality: Energetic materials are used in explosives for enhanced and tailorable lethality.

3. Missiles and Drones: Energetic materials are used in missiles and drones.

4. Breaching Fortifications: Nanoenergetic materials can also be employed as pyrotechnics for breaching fortifications by destroying advanced materials such as ceramics, composites, and metal alloys.

5. Antitamper Devices and Systems: They are used in antitamper devices and systems.

6. Other: High explosives, Ammunition, Rocket propellant.

There is an urgent need for more advanced energetic materials to enhance the performance and lethality of modern weapon systems. Despite their importance to much of what the military does, there has been little in the way of practical advancement since the end of World War II.
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36. Germanium - Germanium has several applications in the military:

1. Semiconductor Devices: Germanium is one of the most important advanced electronic materials used in semiconductor devices.

2. Fiber Optic Systems: It is used in fiber optic systems.

3. Infrared Sensors: Germanium is used in infrared sensors for ships, aircraft, missiles, tanks, and anti-tank units.

4. IR or Thermal Imaging Optical Systems: Germanium crystals are grown and formed into lenses and windows for IR or thermal imaging optical systems. About half of all such systems, which are heavily dependent upon military demand, include germanium.

5. High-Speed Computer Chips: Germanium is used in high-speed computer chips.

6. Plastics: It is used in plastics.

7. Night-Vision Devices: Germanium is used in military applications such as night-vision devices.

8. Satellite Imagery Sensors: It is also used in satellite imagery sensors.

9. Other: Polymerization catalyst for polyethylene terephthalates (PET), Telecommunication fiber optics, Lenses for mid- and long- wavelength infrared (IR) devices, Solar cells.

These uses highlight the importance of germanium in various military applications.
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37. Graphite - Graphite has several applications in the military:

1. Electromagnetic Wave Blocker: The military uses graphite flakes to block electromagnetic waves that the enemy might detect and use to target troops in the field.

2. Graphite Bombs: Graphite bombs were used against Iraq in the Gulf War (1990-1991), knocking out 85% of the electrical supply. Similarly, the BLU-114/B "Soft-Bomb" graphite bomb was used by NATO against Serbia in May 1999, disabling 70% of that country's power grid.

3. Foundries and Molds: Numerous examples exist where synthetic graphite is used in all the downstream industries that produce components for military equipment, such as in foundries (graphite electrodes) that produce the necessary steel, or in facilities that produce wheels for vehicles or body armor for soldiers (various types of graphite molds and dies).

4. Batteries: The US Department of Defense (DoD) has invested $37.5m in America's domestic graphite supply chain - a critical material for large-scale batteries across defense.

5. Other: Batteries, Fuel cells, Refractories, Steel making, Brake linings, Pencils.

These uses highlight the importance of graphite in various military applications.
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38. Quartz Crystals - Quartz crystals have several applications in the military:

1. Frequency Control: Quartz is the piezoelectric material used in most applications. Typical applications for piezoelectric crystals include frequency control (oscillators), delay lines, timing, and transducers.

2. Radio Broadcasts: Quartz crystal oscillators were developed for high-stability frequency references during the 1920s and 1930s. Before crystals were used, radio stations controlled their frequency with tuned circuits, which could easily drift off frequency.

3. Aerospace Hardware and Navigational Instruments: Quartz crystals are used in aerospace hardware, commercial and military navigational instruments, computers, clocks, games, television receivers, toys, and communications equipment like cell phones.

4. Other: Military radios, Electronic warfare, guidance systems, Radar, Navigation, Aviation electronics.

These uses highlight the importance of quartz crystals in various military applications.
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39. Rubber (Natural) - Natural rubber has several applications in the military:

1. Aircraft Tires: Natural rubber is a crucial element in the Department of the Air Force's production of aircraft tires.

2. Sealing and Gasketing: Rubber solutions are ideal for creating airtight and watertight seals in military equipment, such as tanks, submarines, and aircraft.

3. Shock Absorption: Rubber solutions are also deployed to protect sensitive military equipment from shock and vibration.

4. Noise Reduction: Rubber solutions can also be used to reduce noise levels in military equipment.

5. Other Applications: Some examples include natural rubber distributors selling to processing plants for military-grade natural rubber products (e.g., aircraft tire fabrication) or natural rubber processing plants incorporating the alternative natural rubber resource into other military rubber products.

6. Other: Tires and inner tubes, Footwear, Gasket packaging and sealing, Hoses and belting.

These uses highlight the importance of natural rubber in various military applications.
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40. Selenium - Selenium has several applications in the military:

1. Ammunition and Tank Linings: Selenium alloy is commonly used to manufacture ammunition, tank linings, pipes, and tubular grids.

2. Synthetic Rubber: Selenium is added to synthetic rubber to improve resistance to abrasion.

3. Electrolytic Manganese: Selenium dioxide is used in electrolytic manganese.

4. Lead-Acid Batteries: Selenium is used in lead-acid batteries.

5. Solar Cells: Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGs) solar cells use selenium.

6. Other: Largely consumed in metallurgy and the manufacturing of glass, Electrolytic manganese (selenium dioxide), Lead-acid batteries, Solar cells (copper indium gallium diselenide, CIGs).

These uses highlight the importance of selenium in various military applications.
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41. Silicon Carbide - Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a material that has several applications in the military sector:

1. Armor and Body Protection: SiC is an ideal material for high-defense body armor, chosen for its excellent protection performance, advanced properties, and good adaptability to any threat level encountered. It is considered ideal for stopping rifle bullets due to its impressive strength and hardiness.

2. Military Systems: SiC is used in various military systems. By operating at higher temperatures and voltages, the Army can reduce the volume of space devoted to fans, coolant, plumbing, radiators, compressors, and other gear by a factor of four and have unprecedented power, electronic density, and performance.

3. Space Situational Awareness: SiC is used in telescopes for space situational awareness.

4. Other: Machining or finishing cast iron, non-ferrous metals, stone, leather and rubber, Pressure blasting, lapping, grinding and polishing or hard metal alloys and non-metallic materials, Slicing of silicon wafers, Finishing and polishing of manufactured equipment, Clean and peen jet rotor blades and other precision parts.

These are just a few examples of how Silicon Carbide is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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42. Tellurium - Tellurium has several applications in the military sector:

1. Infrared Detectors: Tellurium is an important component of infrared detectors used by the military. These detectors are crucial for various applications, including night vision and heat-seeking missiles.

2. X-ray Detectors: Tellurium is also used in x-ray detectors, which are used in a variety of fields including medicine, science, and security.

3. Thermoelectric Cooling Devices: In the form of semiconducting bismuth telluride, tellurium is used in thermoelectric cooling devices for military and electronics applications, such as the cooling of infrared detectors, integrated circuits, laser diodes, and medical instruments.

4. Alloying Element: Tellurium has been used for some time in steel and copper alloying.

5. Other: Alloying additive in steel, copper, lead and cast iron, Vulcanizing agent (rubber), Thermoelectric devices, CdZnTe substrates (mid- and long-wave infrared devices), Metal alloys.

These are just a few examples of how Tellurium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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43. Aluminum-Lithium Alloy - Lithium-Aluminum alloys have several applications in the military sector:

1. Aerospace Industry: These alloys are gaining popularity for use in military applications and the aerospace industry due to their properties required by the presence of lithium, which provides a significant improvement in mechanical properties over conventional aluminum alloys.

2. Aircraft Structures: These alloys have been used in the production of different parts of military aircraft. For example, X2020 was used in military seaborne airplanes without incident for years.

3. Space Vehicles and Missile Casings: The new aluminum-lithium alloy, used in the aviation industry, is expected to reduce aircraft weight by 8% to 15%, and it will also be a candidate structural material for space vehicles and thin-walled missile casings.

4. Fuel and Oxidizer Tanks: They are used in the fuel and oxidizer tanks in the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle.

5. Other: Structural airframe material for aircraft and spacecraft.

These are just a few examples of how Lithium-Aluminum alloys are used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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44. Beryllium-Copper Master Alloy - Copper-Beryllium Master Alloy has several applications in the military sector:

1. Aircraft Components: Copper-Beryllium is used for electrical connectors, fasteners, and structural components in fixed-wing aircraft and fighters. Some of the aircraft that use this alloy include the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter, F-22 Raptor, F-18 Super Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and F-15 Strike Eagle.

2. Defense Systems: This alloy is a critical component of various defense systems, including anti-missile defense systems, rockets, explosives detection equipment, and missile guidance equipment.

3. Communications: Military communications depend on Copper-Beryllium alloys in network hubs, switches, and routers. The strength, electrical and thermal conductivity of this material ensures reliability while maximizing signal speed and bandwidth.

4. Security: Copper-Beryllium components operate in the x-ray machines, sorting equipment, and scanners used to inspect baggage and cargo for illegal and dangerous substances.

5. Other: Automotive electronics, Resistance welding systems, Housings for magnetic sensing devices, Bushing and bearings in aircraft and heavy machinery, Aircraft landing gear, Radars, Fiber optics and lasers.

These are just a few examples of how Copper-Beryllium Master Alloy is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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45. Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Alloy - Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CZT) is a high-performance semiconductor alloy that has several applications in the military sector:

1. Radiation Detectors: CZT is used in radiation detectors, which are crucial for various applications, including nuclear threat detection and nuclear science.

2. Infrared Sensors: CZT is used in infrared sensors, which are used in a variety of military applications, including night vision, heat-seeking missiles, and thermal imaging.

3. X-ray and Gamma-ray Detectors: CZT is an excellent material for X-ray and gamma-ray detectors due to its high atomic number, wide bandgap, and high electron mobility.

4. Other: Radiation detector, usually infrared, Medical imaging, Night vision goggles, IED detectors.

These are just a few examples of how Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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46. Aluminum Oxide Fused Crude - Aluminum Oxide Fused Crude, also known as Fused Aluminum Oxide, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Abrasives: Fused Aluminum Oxide is used as an abrasive due to its hardness, being used in grinding applications in various sectors, which can include the military.

2. Ceramic Armor: Fused Aluminum Oxide is also used in the production of ceramic armor, which is used in military vehicles and body armors due to its hardness and light weight.

3. Refractory Materials: Due to its high melting point and chemical inertness, Fused Aluminum Oxide is used in the production of refractory materials, which can be used in a variety of military applications.

4. Other: Used as an abrasive in the manufacture of sandpaper, polishing compounds, and cutting tools. For abrasive applications, alumina can be used in industrial applications such as grinding operations, pressure blasting, and mass finishing. Abrasive alumina can cut, clean, or polish materials such as metals, wood, glass, ceramics, marble, granite, and other stones.

These are just a few examples of how Aluminum Oxide Fused Crude is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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47. Beryl Ore - Beryl Ore has several applications in the military sector:

1. Aircraft and Satellite Structures: Beryl, in the form of Beryllium, is used in aircraft and satellite structures due to its light weight and high strength.

2. Missile Guidance Systems: Beryllium is used in missile guidance systems, providing reliability and precision. Nuclear Reactor Neutron Reflectors: Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as neutron reflectors.

3. Nuclear Warhead Triggering Devices: Beryllium is used in the triggering devices of nuclear warheads.

4. Military Vehicle Armor: Beryllium is used in the armor of military vehicles due to its high strength and light weight.

5. Other: Three primary beryllium forms are produced from beryl/bertrandite ores. About 70-75% of world beryllium consumption is in high-strength and high-conductivity alloys such as copper-beryllium, aluminum-beryllium, and nickel-beryllium. The second major use is as beryllia ceramic (BeO) with approximately 15% of the world consumption.

These are just a few examples of how Beryl Ore is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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48. Ferrochromium - Ferrochromium, an alloy of iron and chromium, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Stainless Steel Production: Ferrochromium is a critical component in the production of stainless steel. Stainless steel is extensively used in military applications for its strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. It's used in everything from military vehicles and naval ships to weaponry and infrastructure.

2. Aerospace Applications: The aerospace industry, including military aircraft, often uses stainless steel in the construction of various components. The chromium in the steel, derived from ferrochromium, provides resistance to temperature and corrosion, which are critical properties for materials used in high-stress aerospace applications.

3. Armor and Ammunition: Ferrochromium may also be used in the production of armor plating and certain types of ammunition due to the hardness and strength provided by the chromium content.

4. Other: Stainless steels, Alloy steels, Tool steel, Cast iron.

These are just a few examples of how Ferrochromium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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49. Ferromanganese - Ferromanganese, an alloy of iron and manganese, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Steel Production: The primary use of Ferromanganese is as a type of processed manganese source to add to different types of steel, such as stainless steel. Stainless steel is extensively used in military applications for its strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. It's used in everything from military vehicles and naval ships to weaponry and infrastructure.

2. Deoxidizer and Desulfurizer: Ferromanganese is a vital alloy that is used in numerous industrial applications as an excellent deoxidizer and desulfurizer.

3. Other: Stainless steel production, Structural steels.

These are just a few examples of how Ferromanganese is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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50. Fluorspar - Fluorspar, also known as Fluorite, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Metal Processing: Fluorspar is used in metal processing, particularly in the production of aluminum and steel12. These metals are extensively used in military applications for their strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion.

2. Semiconductor Etching: Fluorspar is used in semiconductor etching, which is crucial in the production of various military electronics.

3. Refrigerants and Insulating Foams: Fluorspar is used in the production of refrigerants and insulating foams. These materials are used in various military applications, including cooling systems and insulation.

4. High-Quality Lenses: Fluorspar is used in the production of high-quality camera and telescope lenses. These lenses are used in various military applications, including surveillance and targeting systems.

5. Other: Metal processing, Steel and iron production, Catalyst, Semiconductor etching, Electrical power distribution, Pharmaceuticals, High-quality camera and telescope lenses, Seals and adhesives in engine components.

These are just a few examples of how Fluorspar is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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51. Cerium - Cerium, a rare-earth metal, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Defense Electronics: Cerium is used in various defense electronics, including precision-guided weapons, communications equipment, GPS equipment, and batteries1. These give the United States military an enormous advantage.

2. Hard Alloys: Cerium is a key ingredient for making very hard alloys used in armored vehicles and projectiles that shatter upon impact.

3. Lighter Flints: Cerium's pyrophoric nature accounts for one of its important metallurgical applications in lighter flints.

4. Polishing Powder: Cerium oxide powder is often used to polish glass, granite, marble, and gemstones.

5. Other: Glass manufacture additive and polishing compound, Phosphors in TV screens and fluorescent lamps, Chemical oxidizing agent, Ceramic capacitors, semiconductors and other LCD components, Wastewater treatment.

These are just a few examples of how Cerium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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52. Dysprosium - Dysprosium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Control Rods in Nuclear Reactors: Dysprosium has a high thermal neutron absorption cross-section, making it very good at absorbing neutrons. Because of this, it is used to make the control rods that are put into nuclear reactors to absorb excess neutrons and stop fission reactions from getting out of control.

2. Data Storage Applications: Dysprosium is used in data storage applications due to its high magnetic susceptibility.

3. Defense Electronics: Dysprosium is used in various defense electronics, including precision-guided weapons, communications equipment, GPS equipment, and batteries. These give the United States military an enormous advantage.

4. Lasers: Dysprosium is used in lasers. Lockheed Martin is working on a small, high-power laser weapon that the Air Force Research Laboratory wants to test in a tactical fighter aircraft.

5. Permanent Magnets: Dysprosium is widely used in strong, permanent magnets impervious to temperature extremes. They are used in fin actuators, in missile guidance, and control systems; disk drive motors installed in aircraft and tanks; satellite communications; and radar and sonar systems.

6. Other: Permanent magnets, High-intensity lighting, Capacitors and chips, Data storage applications, Chemical reaction testing, Laser materials (ceramics and specialty glass).

These are just a few examples of how Dysprosium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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53. Erbium - Erbium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Lasers: Erbium is used in the active gain medium of high-power laser weapons that the Air Force Research Laboratory wants to test in a tactical fighter aircraft.

2. Defense Electronics: Erbium is used in various defense electronics, including precision-guided weapons, communications equipment, GPS equipment, and batteries.

3. Long Distance Communication Systems: Erbium optical fibers carry messages in long distance communication systems.

4. Power Sources: Erbium has been used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, where the heat of its radioactive decay is converted to electricity for long-lived, lightweight power sources in navigation buoys, remote weather stations, and space vehicles.

5. Other: Er:YAG (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser applications, Lasers used for cutting and welding, Alloy additive for vanadium, Activator for phosphors, Fiber optic cables, Erbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers. (EDFAs).

These are just a few examples of how Erbium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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54. Europium - Europium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Nuclear Reactor Control Rods: Europium is used in nuclear reactor control rods due to its high neutron absorption properties. This makes it an important element for preventing nuclear reactor reactions.

2. Optical Displays and TV Screens: The primary use of europium is in red phosphors in optical displays and TV screens that use cathode-ray tubes.

3. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): Europium is used as a source of blue color in light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

4. X-ray and Gamma-ray Detectors: Europium is used in scintillators for X-ray tomography.

5. Other: Phosphors used in display screens, TVs and fluorescent lights, Ceramics and specialty glass, Activator for yttrium-based phosphors in TVs and computer screens, Polishing powders and magnets.

These are just a few examples of how Europium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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55. Gadolinium - Gadolinium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Nuclear Reactors: Gadolinium is used in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber due to its high neutron absorption properties. This makes it an effective control rod material, which helps regulate the nuclear fission process.

2. Electronics and Magnets: Due to its excellent magnetic properties, gadolinium is utilized in the manufacturing of electronic devices and magnets. It is used in the production of magnetostrictive materials, which can convert magnetic energy into mechanical energy. These materials find applications in sensors, actuators, and transducers.

3. Lasers: Gadolinium is used in the active gain medium of high-power laser weapons that the Air Force Research Laboratory wants to test in a tactical fighter aircraft.

4. Optical Displays and TV Screens: The primary use of gadolinium is in red phosphors in optical displays and TV screens that use cathode-ray tubes.

5. Other: Medical services: MRI contrast agent, X-ray tubes, High refractive index glass or garnets, Added to chromium, iron and related alloys, SmCo and NdFeB magnets, Lasers, Radar warning receivers and radar jammers, Optical lenses, optical fibers and coatings.

These are just a few examples of how Gadolinium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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56. Holmium - Holmium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Nuclear Reactors: Holmium can absorb neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactors to keep a chain reaction under control.

2. Magnets: Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any element and is thus used for the pole pieces of the strongest static magnets2. It is also used in alloys for the production of magnets.

3. Lasers: Holmium is used in the active gain medium of high-power laser weapons.

4. Glass Colorant: Due to its fluorescent properties, Holmium is used in glass colorant applications.

5. Other: Strong artificially generated magnetic fields, Red/yellow colors in glass, Calibration in gamma ray spectrometers, Solid state lasers (YIG, YLF).

These are just a few examples of how Holmium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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57. Lanthanum - Lanthanum, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Defense Electronics: Lanthanum is used in various defense electronics, including precision-guided weapons, communications equipment, GPS equipment, and batteries. These give the United States military an enormous advantage.

2. Hydrogen-Storage Alloys: Lanthanum is often used in LaNi5-based hydrogen-storage alloys and nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries in hybrid automobiles.

3. Alloys: Lanthanum is added to ferrous alloys (to scavenge oxygen, sulfur, and other impurities) and to nonferrous alloys such as superalloys, magnesium alloys, and aluminum alloys.

4. Other: Optical fibers, glasses and lenses, Ceramic capacitors, semiconductors and other LCD and electronic components, Metal alloys for nickel metal hydride batteries, Fiber-optic communication systems, SmCo magnets, High-strength 300M steel, Infrared-absorbing glass for night vision goggles.

These are just a few examples of how Lanthanum is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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58. Lutetium - Lutetium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Catalysts: Lutetium can be used as catalysts in petroleum cracking in refineries and can also be used in alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization applications.

2. Alloys: Lutetium is used to make various useful alloys. For instance, lutetium aluminum garnet is used to make lenses. Lutetium aluminum is used to make phosphor in LED light bulbs.

3. Dating of Rocks and Meteorites: Lutetium-176, a relatively abundant radioactive isotope with a half-life of about 38 billion years, is used to determine the age of minerals and meteorites.

4. Other: High-refractive-index optical lenses (LuAG), X-ray phosphors, Specialty silicon nitride ceramic bearings, Catalyst is refining petroleum.

These are just a few examples of how Lutetium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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59. Neodymium - Neodymium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Magnets: Neodymium-iron-boron magnets are very strong, light, and relatively low-cost. They are almost 10 times more powerful than traditional ferrite magnets by weight. This makes them ideal for use in various defense equipment, such as advanced military weapons systems, as well as the advanced computer programs and disk drives that have been a key component of military operations and research.

2. Radar and Sonar Systems: Neodymium magnets are used in radar and sonar systems.

3. Detecting Fluid Rates: Neodymium magnets are used in detecting fluid rates.

4. Satellite Communications: Neodymium magnets are used in satellite communications.

5. Fuel Pumps: Neodymium magnets are used in making fuel pumps.

6. Other: Glass production, Incandescent light bulbs, Cathode ray tubes, Ceramic capacitors, semiconductors and other components for LCDs and electronics, NdFeB magnets in smartphones, hard drives, other consumer electronics and in propulsion of DDG-51.

These are just a few examples of how Neodymium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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60. Praseodymium - Praseodymium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Aircraft Engines: Praseodymium is commonly used as an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals used in aircraft engines.

2. Lighters and Lighting: It's also a component of mischmetal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters, and in carbon arc lights, used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights.

3. Defense Electronics: Praseodymium is used in various defense electronics, including precision-guided weapons, communications equipment, GPS equipment, and batteries. These give the United States military an enormous advantage.

4. Other: Doping agent in fiber optic cables and several metal alloys, Thermal resistance alloys, Optical lenses, filters and coatings, Ceramic capacitors, semiconductors and other components in LCDs and electronics, NdFeB magnets, Alloyed with Mg in aircraft engines, Lasers.

These are just a few examples of how Praseodymium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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61. Samarium - Samarium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Guided Missiles and Aircrafts: Samarium Cobalt magnets are primarily used for guided missiles, satellite guided "smart bombs", and aircrafts, including fighter jets.

2. Flow Regulators, Speed Sensors, Air Compressors, and Gauges: Other ways samarium cobalt magnets are used in the military include flow regulators, speed sensors, air compressors, and gauges.

3. Electronic Warfare Systems: Samarium is used in fighter jet electronic warfare systems.

4. Aerospace, Defense, and Military Industry: Samarium cobalt magnets have high corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance, and are widely used in aerospace, national defense, and military industry, microwave devices, communications, medical equipment, instruments, meters, various magnetic transmission devices, sensors, magnetic processors, motors, and magnetic cranes.

5. Other: SmCo permanent magnets used in navigation of tanks, Present in NYAG (neodymium-yttrium aluminum-garnet), laser glass, Infrared absorption glass, Optical glass.

These are just a few examples of how Samarium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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62. Scandium - Scandium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Aerospace Industry: Scandium is added to aluminum to create a very strong alloy that is used in the aerospace industry. The Russian military aircraft MiG-21 and MiG-29 utilized this material.

2. Missiles: The alloys were mainly used in missiles due to their advantages over the most common alloys at the time (mainly aluminum-magnesium and aluminum-lithium).

3. Other: Frames in scandium alloy in pistols, Electronics, Light aluminum-scandium alloy for aerospace components, Lasers, High-intensity lamps for landing gear.

These are just a few examples of how Scandium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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63. Terbium - Terbium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Optical Systems: Terbium is used in optical systems as a glass 'doping agent' for lasers, and other systems. These products are essential for night vision, heads-up displays in fighter jets, laser systems such as guided weapons and laser targeting systems, and fiber optic cables.

2. Actuators and Sensors: Terbium is a component of Terfenol-D, an alloy that expands and contracts when exposed to magnetic fields more than any other alloy. This makes it useful in actuators, naval sonar systems, and sensors.

3. Magnets: Rare-earth elements, including terbium, are widely used in strong, permanent magnets that are impervious to temperature extremes. These magnets are used in fin actuators (which control flight patterns in missiles) in missile guidance and control systems; disk drive motors installed in aircraft and tanks; satellite communications; and radar and sonar systems.

4. Other: Green phosphors in compact fluorescent light bulbs, LCDs, video displays and night vision goggles, Additive in high-strength NdFeB magnets, Lasers.

These are just a few examples of how Terbium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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64. Thulium - Thulium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Lasers: Thulium is used as an active laser medium material in lasers alongside holmium, chromium, and yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG). Thulium-based lasers are employed in military applications, meteorology, and medicine.

2. Optical Systems: Thulium is used in optical systems as a glass 'doping agent' for lasers, and other systems. These products are essential for night vision, heads-up displays in fighter jets, laser systems such as guided weapons and laser targeting systems, and fiber optic cables.

3. Radiation Source: Thulium is used as a radiation source for portable x-ray equipment.

4. Other: Portable X-ray devices, Ceramic magnets for microwave equipment.

These are just a few examples of how Thulium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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65. Ytterbium - Ytterbium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Lasers: Ytterbium is used as an active laser medium material in lasers1. These lasers are employed in military applications, meteorology, and medicine.

2. Optical Systems: Ytterbium is used in optical systems as a glass 'doping agent' for lasers, and other systems. These products are essential for night vision, heads-up displays in fighter jets, laser systems such as guided weapons and laser targeting systems, and fiber optic cables.

3. Radiation Source: Ytterbium is used as a radiation source for portable x-ray equipment.

4. Stainless Steel: Ytterbium is mainly used as a dopant of stainless steel.

5. Other: Portable X-ray machines, Optical glasses, crystals and ceramics, Ytterbium lasers are used to heat treat turbine blades, Super alloys for jet engines, Infrared lasers.

These are just a few examples of how Ytterbium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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66. Yttrium - Yttrium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Laser Targeting and Weapons: Yttrium, along with other rare earths, is used for laser targeting and weapons in combat vehicles.

2. Permanent Magnets: Yttrium is widely used in strong, permanent magnets that are impervious to temperature extremes. These magnets are used in fin actuators, in missile guidance and control systems; disk drive motors installed in aircraft and tanks; satellite communications; and radar and sonar systems.

3. Fireworks and Pyrotechnics: Yttrium can be used to create brilliant and colorful displays, and is often used in military applications for flares and other special effects.

4. Other: Metallic alloy component, Garnet crystals, LED phosphor for white and grey colors, Optical and camera lenses, Protective ceramic layers in get engines, Heat-resistant superalloys for jet engines, YAG and YIG lasers.

These are just a few examples of how Yttrium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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67. Iridium - Iridium, a rare-earth element, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Secure Communications: Iridium provides the U.S. government's intelligence and military communities with truly global, secure connectivity through a dedicated gateway and communications infrastructure. Whether soldiers need to get in touch with the rest of their squadron, command and control forces in the field, or call home to loved ones, Iridium and its partners deliver a wide range of devices and capabilities.

2. Tracking & Monitoring: Iridium provides services for tracking and monitoring, remote surveillance, situational awareness, and command & control.

3. Voice and Text Communication: Iridium has a seven-year, $738.5 million contract with the U.S. military to provide voice and text communication and tracking services for various assets at any point on the globe.

4. Other: Spark plug tips, Backlit LED screens and organic LEDS, Platinum hardening agent, Iridium alloys used in aircraft engines, Guided missile systems, Computers and radar screens, Military semiconductors.

These are just a few examples of how Iridium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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68. Palladium - Palladium has several applications in the military sector:

1. Aerospace Industry: Palladium, along with a few other precious metals like gold and silver, is used to make different parts of aircraft engines due to its high melting point.

2. Automobile Industry: About 85% of the total palladium is used in the automobile industry as part of catalytic converters of vehicles1. Catalytic converters, also called exhaust emission control devices, are used in vehicles to convert toxic air pollutants into less toxic air pollutants through a redox reaction.

3. Defense Plating: Palladium is used in defense plating and other metal finishing processes which require close adherence to stringent specifications developed by the Department of Defense.

4. Other: Electronic conductive connectors, Automotive catalysts, Multilayer ceramic capacitors, Internal computer components, Aerospace brazing and soldering.

These are just a few examples of how Palladium is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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69. Platinum - Platinum, a precious metal, has several applications in the military sector:

1. Aerospace Industry: Platinum is used in the aerospace industry due to its high melting point.

2. Catalysts: Platinum catalysts help manufacture nitric acid, the raw material for fertilizers and military explosives. This is why the US Department of the Interior deems platinum a National Security critical element.

3. Secure Communications: Platinum is considered a "strategic metal" by the US Government as a military resource. It is estimated that about 20% of the products purchased by modern consumers either contain platinum or use it in production.

4. Defense Plating: Platinum is used in defense plating and other metal finishing processes which require close adherence to stringent specifications developed by the Department of Defense.

5. Other: LCD/flat panel displays, Catalysts (automotive, bulk chemical, petroleum refining), High temperature, corrosion resistant alloy, Aircraft turbine blades, coatings, engine seals and gaskets.

These are just a few examples of how Platinum is used in the military. The material's unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications in this sector.
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70. Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze, Beryllium-Copper, Copper-Nickel - Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze, Beryllium-Copper, and Copper-Nickel are all metal alloys that have various applications in the military due to their unique properties:

Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze: Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze (NAB) is a metal alloy known for its high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. It has various applications in the military:

1 Construction of Ships, Tanks, and Armored Vehicles: The strength of NAB is similar to that of carbon steel, making it a preferable metal for constructing things like ships, tanks, and armored vehicles.

2. Submarine Construction: NAB provides a high yield strength, which allows submarines to travel more than 100 meters down in the ocean to avoid being detected on a sonar.

3. Aircraft Components: NAB is used in military aircraft for components that require extra high strength and hardness with some ductility and toughness.

4. Landing Gear Bushings: Both commercial and military aircrafts use NAB bushings for many of the pivot points contained in the landing gear.

Beryllium-Copper: Beryllium-Copper (BeCu) is a metal alloy known for its high strength and hardness, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and excellent resistance to non-oxidizing acids. It has various applications in the military:

1. Aircraft Components: BeCu is used for electrical connectors, fasteners, and structural components in fixed-wing aircraft and fighters including the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter, F-22 Raptor, F-18 Super Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and F-15 Strike Eagle.

2. Missile Systems: BeCu is crucial in emerging guided missile defense systems to assure a first line of defense in directing, targeting, and ultimately destroying missile threats.

3. Satellite Systems: U.S. military satellites rely on BeCu for structural and dimensional stability, as well as reliability, in the electrical systems that deliver reliable intelligence from space.

4. Homeland Security: BeCu supports surveillance, inspection, and countermeasures vital to security. At countless locations, BeCu components operate in the x-ray machines, sorting equipment, and scanners used to inspect baggage and cargo for illegal and dangerous substances.

Copper-Nickel: Copper-Nickel (CuNi), also known as cupronickel, is a metal alloy that has various applications in the military due to its excellent resistance to corrosion, especially in seawater, and its good fabricability:

1. Shipbuilding and Repair: CuNi is used in the hulls of boats and ships, seawater cooling, bilge and ballast, sanitary, fire fighting, inert gas, hydraulic and pneumatic chiller systems.

2. Desalination Plants: CuNi is used in brine heaters, heat rejection and recovery, and in evaporator tubing.

3. Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms: CuNi is used in systems and splash zone sheathings of offshore oil and gas platforms and processing and FPSO vessels.

4. Power Generation: CuNi is used in steam turbine condensers, oil coolers, auxiliary cooling systems and high pressure pre-heaters at nuclear and fossil fuel power plants.

5. Seawater System Components: CuNi is used in condenser and heat exchanger tubes, tube sheets, piping, high pressure systems, fittings, pumps, and water boxes.

6. Military Gear and Body Armor: Copper is often combined with lead and nickel to produce military gear and body armor that can withstand impact and degeneration.

7. Other: Aircraft Components, Anti-Missile Defense Systems, Rockets, Explosives Detection Equipment, Missile Guidance Equipment, Communications, Satellite Systems, Specialized Products & Equipment)

Please note that while these alloys have potential military applications, the specifics can vary greatly depending on the exact requirements of a given military project.
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71. Ductile Iron, Cast Iron - Ductile iron and cast iron have been used in various military applications due to their unique properties:

1. Ductile Iron: Also known as nodular iron or spheroidal graphite iron, ductile iron is characterized by its high strength, toughness, and excellent fatigue resistance. These properties make it an ideal material for military vehicles, machinery, and infrastructure where durability and resilience are crucial.

2. Cast Iron: Known for its excellent castability, machinability, and wear resistance, cast iron has been used in the production of cannons and artillery in the past. Today, it's used in various military applications that require high wear resistance and durability.

Please note that the specific uses can vary depending on the requirements of the military equipment and the properties of the specific type of ductile or cast iron used.
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72. Missiles - (Stainless Steel, Aluminum Alloys, Titanium Alloys) - (Fuel-Oxidizer) - (Semiconductors, Rare Earths)
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73. Sonars - (Piezoelectric Quartz Crystals)
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74. Radars - (Iron Powders - Polymer Matrix, Gallium Nitride, Quartz Crystals)
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75. Radios - (Quartz Crystals, Antenna, Printed Circuit Board, Resistors, Capacitors, Coils, Transformers, Transistors, Integrated Circuits, Speaker)
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76. Quartz Crystals - (Military Radios, Electronic Warfare, Guidance Systems, Radars, Sonars, Navigation, Aviation Electronics)
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77. Kevlar - (Body Armor, Flak Jackets, Composites)
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78. Energetic Materials - (Fuels, Pyrotechnics, Propellants, Explosives)

Energetic materials, including fuels, pyrotechnics, propellants, and explosives, have a wide range of applications. Here are some of their uses:

1) Fuels: Fuels are substances that can release energy when they undergo combustion. They are used in various applications such as powering vehicles (like cars, airplanes, and ships), generating electricity, and heating homes.

2) Pyrotechnics: Pyrotechnics involve the use of materials that undergo exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke, or sound. They are used in a variety of applications including fireworks for entertainment, flares for illumination or signaling, and certain types of ammunition in military or law enforcement.

3) Propellants: Propellants are substances that are used to propel projectiles or spacecraft. In the aerospace industry, rocket propellants are used to propel spacecraft. In the firearms industry, gunpowder is used as a propellant to propel bullets.

4) Explosives: Explosives are reactive substances that contain a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and a shock wave. They are used in a variety of applications including mining, construction, demolition, and military operations.

1. Pyrotechnics - (Fuels - Aluminum, Boron, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Silicon, Titanium, Lactose, Shellac, Hexachloroethane, Starch, Anthracene, PVC)

2. Pyrotechnics - (Oxidizers - Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Perchlorate, Barium Chlorate, Barium Nitrate, Barium Peroxide, Iron Oxide, Lead Chromate, Lead Oxide, Lead Peroxide, Potassium Chlorate, Potassium Nitrate, Potassium Perchlorate, Sodium Nitrate, Strontium Nitrate)

3. Pyrotechnics - (Reactants - Aluminum Oxide, Barium Oxide, Boron Oxide, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Chromium Oxide, Lead Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, Nitrogen, Potassium Carbonate, Potassium Chloride, Potassium Sulfide, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium Chloride, Strontium Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, Water, Zinc Chloride)

1. Propellants - (Gun Propellants - Single-Base, Double-Base, Triple-Base, Composite, High Energy, Liquid)

2. Propellants - (Rockets - Double-Base, Composite, Liquid)

1. Explosives - (Mercury Fulminate, Lead Styphnate, Lead Azide)

Military Uses of Nitrocellulose

1. Ammunition and Propellants: Nitrocellulose is a key component in the production of gunpowder and munitions propellants. It’s used in ammunition, rocketry, and civil propellants as propellant stabilizers, ballistic modifiers, and plasticizers.

2. Supply Chain and Geopolitics: Control of nitrocellulose production could shape the geo-military landscape. For instance, China, being the largest producer of nitrocellulose (also known as “guncotton”), has influenced global military dynamics.

3. Advanced Military Materials: Nitrocellulose has also found applications in the development of advanced military materials, such as bulletproof vests, fire-retardant materials, and filtration materials.

These uses underscore the strategic importance of nitrocellulose in modern warfare and military operations.
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79. Silver - Bombs, Shells, Satellites, Submarines, Torpedoes, Tanks, Fighter Aircraft, Night Vision Goggles, and other Military Equipment.